History of Ethiopia

The consolidation of the Ethiopian Multi-National Hatse State in the era of the beginnings of the struggle against imperialism created, the material and social basis and conditions for the subsequent rise of irreconcilable class antagonism between the toiling gabar class and the exploiting gultegna class, that is, the landed and armed ruling class of gubernatorial, [...]

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Simultaneously during the second half of the nineteenth century, the Ethiopians undertook the double tasks of national defence and reunification against the forces of aggression and imperialism.
This double fronted national policy was visible during the successive reigns of Tewodros II (1855-1868), Yohannis IV (1868-1889), and Menelik II (1889-1913).
The young and energetic frontier governor Dejazmatch Kasa [...]

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During and after the 1789-1799 Anglo-French conflict in Egypt, the Turkish viceroy Mohamed Ali (1769-1849) destroyed the old Mameluk ruling class of Egypt and organized the new Egyptian state under Turkish sovereignty, with Anglo-French financial and technical aid.
In 1820, Mahamad Ali invaded and occupied the Sudanese State of Funj. The Turco-Egyptian conquest and occupation of [...]

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The series of concomitant events of the Luso-Turkish interference in the regional affairs of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Horn of Africa; the Adalite Wars of 1524-1543, and the Great Ethiopian Ethnic Migrations of 1520-1660, jointly interrupted the evolutionary process and progress of the Ethiopian Hatse State until 1855.
On the other hand, [...]

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Between 1540 and 1559, King Galawdewos, with the assistance of the Portuguese soldiers, undertook the first attempts against the Adalites and the Oromo nomads to restore the former state frontiers and the corresponding central authority of the Hatse State of Ethiopia.
When Galawdewos succeeded his tather as the Hatse of Ethiopia in 1540, Imam Ahmed Gragn [...]

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The advent and expansion of the two great world religions of Christianity and Islam greatly accelerated the process and nature of state formation.
Christianity was introduced into the Aksumite court and Empire in the 330s and became the dominant political and ideological force of the Ethiopian Hatse State for the next 16 centuries until the Ethiopian [...]

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It has been said that the line of conventional demarcation between prehistory and history is the existence of written and dated records of human events.
In this respect from the time when the pharaonic Egyptians identified the coastal region and inhabitants of North-East Africa as Punt and the Habasha, respective, in the mid 3rd millennium B.C., [...]

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The major documentary sources of our knowledge of the Aksumite civilization of Ethiopia are first the Adulis Inscriptions in Greek sometime during the first two centuries A.D. The exact date and the name of author of the document were lost when the exact copy was made in 525 by the Greek monk Cosmas.
The Periplus of [...]

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After the land and the Habasha people of Punt the earliest historically known land and people of North-East Africa were the people and state of Daamat during the last five centuries B.C. This state was located in the present Southern Eritrea and Northern Tigrai.
Documentary evidence on the ancient Ethiopian land, people, and state of Daamat [...]

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The first recorded historical description of the region and the inhabitants of North-East Africa goes back about 4,800 years to the time of the ancient pharaonic Egyptians.
The coastal region of North-East Africa, approximately between today’s the Red Sea port of Suwakin in the north, and the Cape of Guardafui in the southeast, was dimly known [...]

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During the first half of first millennium A.D., the Roman, Persian, and Aksumite Empires were in a struggle for power in the regions of the Nile valley, the Red Sea, and the Middle East. And in the end the rise of Islam among the Arabs in the Middle East in the 7th century A.D. adversely [...]

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